有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)朗肯(ken)循环概念：有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)朗肯(ken)循环（OrganicRankineCycle，简称ORC）利(li)用有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)低沸点的(de)(de)特性(xing)。在低温条件下有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)被加热即发(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)蒸发(fa)(fa)(fa)，工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)汽化后获得较高的(de)(de)蒸气压力，推动膨胀(zhang)机(ji)(ji)做功(gong)，从而将(jiang)(jiang)低品位(wei)热能(neng)转换为(wei)高品位(wei)的(de)(de)机(ji)(ji)械能(neng)和(he)电(dian)(dian)能(neng)。因此，有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)朗肯(ken)循环发(fa)(fa)(fa)电(dian)(dian)技术(shu)，是(shi)一项(xiang)将(jiang)(jiang)工(gong)(gong)业生(sheng)产过程中(zhong)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)中(zhong)低品位(wei)余(yu)(yu)热加以(yi)(yi)回收利(li)用，转化为(wei)高品位(wei)电(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)节(jie)能(neng)减排(pai)技术(shu)。ORC发(fa)(fa)(fa)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)组(zu)技术(shu)原(yuan)理：ORC发(fa)(fa)(fa)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)组(zu)由有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)、蒸发(fa)(fa)(fa)器、透平膨胀(zhang)—发(fa)(fa)(fa)电(dian)(dian)一体机(ji)(ji)、冷凝器、工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)泵(beng)、发(fa)(fa)(fa)电(dian)(dian)控制系统和(he)并网系统等(deng)几部(bu)分(fen)组(zu)成。ORC是(shi)以(yi)(yi)低沸点有(you)(you)(you)(you)机(ji)(ji)物为(wei)工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)朗肯(ken)循环。武(wu)汉orc余(yu)(yu)热发(fa)(fa)(fa)电(dian)(dian)

有机(ji)朗肯(ken)循环(huan)系(xi)统发(fa)(fa)电系(xi)统内(nei)部(bu)参数(shu)与外界(jie)环(huan)境紧密相关(guan)，热(re)(re)(re)源参数(shu)的(de)变化(hua)，冷(leng)却水温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)变化(hua)都会使得(de)系(xi)统内(nei)部(bu)各(ge)个点(dian)参数(shu)改(gai)变，从而导(dao)致系(xi)统长(zhang)期运行在(zai)非(fei)额定(ding)工况(kuang)热(re)(re)(re)效率低.该文(wen)以(yi)循环(huan)工质(zhi)为(wei)R245fa的(de)有机(ji)朗肯(ken)循环(huan)系(xi)统作为(wei)研究(jiu)对象(xiang)，通过建立蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)器和冷(leng)凝(ning)器换热(re)(re)(re)模(mo)型，得(de)出有机(ji)朗肯(ken)循环(huan)系(xi)统在(zai)不同热(re)(re)(re)源温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)，不同冷(leng)却水温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)下的(de)更佳蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)，凝(ning)结温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)变化(hua)情况(kuang)，从而获得(de)蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)，凝(ning)结温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)与热(re)(re)(re)源温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)，冷(leng)却水温(wen)度(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)间(jian)的(de)函数(shu)关(guan)系(xi).在(zai)实际有机(ji)朗肯(ken)循环(huan)系(xi)统余热(re)(re)(re)发(fa)(fa)电工程中(zhong)，存在(zai)着很多不稳定(ding)因素，因此(ci)对有机(ji)朗肯(ken)循环(huan)系(xi)统变工况(kuang)特性(xing)分(fen)析是非(fei)常有必要的(de)，对于提高系(xi)统整体性(xing)能具有指导(dao)性(xing)意义。ORC低温(wen)发(fa)(fa)电机(ji)组经销(xiao)商ORC余热(re)(re)(re)发(fa)(fa)电系(xi)统应用范(fan)围普遍。

有(you)(you)机(ji)朗(lang)(lang)肯(ken)循环是一种新(xin)型环保型的(de)(de)(de)发电(dian)技(ji)(ji)术，由蒸发器(qi)、膨(peng)胀机(ji)、冷(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)泵(beng)组成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，如(ru)下(xia)图所(suo)示。有(you)(you)机(ji)朗(lang)(lang)肯(ken)循环的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)是低(di)沸(fei)点、高蒸汽(qi)压的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)机(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)在蒸发器(qi)中从低(di)温热(re)(re)源中吸收热(re)(re)量产(chan)生有(you)(you)机(ji)蒸气(qi)(qi)(qi)，进(jin)(jin)而推(tui)动(dong)膨(peng)胀机(ji)旋转(zhuan)，带动(dong)发电(dian)机(ji)发电(dian)，在膨(peng)胀机(ji)做完功的(de)(de)(de)乏(fa)气(qi)(qi)(qi)进(jin)(jin)入(ru)冷(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)中重新(xin)冷(leng)却为液体(ti)，由工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)泵(beng)打入(ru)蒸发器(qi)，完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一个循环。它可(ke)利用的(de)(de)(de)低(di)品位能(neng)主要有(you)(you)：工(gong)(gong)(gong)业余热(re)(re)、地(di)热(re)(re)、太阳能(neng)、生物质(zhi)能(neng)、液化天然(ran)气(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)能(neng)回收。有(you)(you)机(ji)朗(lang)(lang)肯(ken)循环发电(dian)技(ji)(ji)术与(yu)常规水蒸汽(qi)朗(lang)(lang)肯(ken)循环发电(dian)技(ji)(ji)术相比(bi)，具有(you)(you)如(ru)下(xia)优点：效率高，系统(tong)构(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)简单(dan)；不(bu)需设置(zhi)真空维持系统(tong)；通流面积较(jiao)小(xiao)，透(tou)平(ping)尺寸(cun)小(xiao)；使用干流体(ti)时，余热(re)(re)锅(guo)炉中不(bu)必设置(zhi)过热(re)(re)段，工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)蒸汽(qi)直接以饱(bao)和气(qi)(qi)(qi)体(ti)进(jin)(jin)透(tou)平(ping)膨(peng)胀做功；可(ke)实现(xian)远程(cheng)控制(zhi)，运行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)很低(di)；单(dan)机(ji)容量范围广；系统(tong)部件、设备可(ke)实现(xian)标(biao)准模(mo)块(kuai)化生产(chan)，降低(di)了制(zhi)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。

随着全(quan)球(qiu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)能源(yuan)(yuan)紧缺和(he)(he)环境(jing)问题(ti)日(ri)益严重，通过(guo)(guo)充分利(li)用(yong)可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)工业余(yu)热(re)(re)(re)资源(yuan)(yuan)，从而(er)提高能源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)效率是缓(huan)解能源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)环境(jing)问题(ti)的(de)(de)(de)重要方式.有(you)机(ji)朗肯(ken)循(xun)环(ORC)是更有(you)应用(yong)前(qian)景的(de)(de)(de)低(di)品位热(re)(re)(re)能发(fa)(fa)电技术之一.本文针(zhen)对(dui)ORC系统(tong)建立了结构参(can)(can)数(shu)和(he)(he)系统(tong)操作(zuo)参(can)(can)数(shu)同(tong)步优化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)换(huan)(huan)热(re)(re)(re)设备多(duo)(duo)目标(biao)优化(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)型，采(cai)用(yong)R245fa为工质和(he)(he)板(ban)式换(huan)(huan)热(re)(re)(re)器(qi)，以效率更大和(he)(he)比投资成本更小为目标(biao)函数(shu).首先分析了单(dan)个变(bian)量(liang)(liang)(蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)压(ya)力，冷凝压(ya)力，过(guo)(guo)热(re)(re)(re)度，蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)器(qi)板(ban)间(jian)距，冷凝器(qi)板(ban)间(jian)距)对(dui)系统(tong)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)影响，然后选取了系统(tong)的(de)(de)(de)运行参(can)(can)数(shu)(蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)压(ya)蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)压(ya)力，冷凝压(ya)力，过(guo)(guo)热(re)(re)(re)度)和(he)(he)换(huan)(huan)热(re)(re)(re)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)结构参(can)(can)数(shu)(蒸(zheng)发(fa)(fa)器(qi)和(he)(he)冷凝器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)板(ban)长，板(ban)宽，板(ban)间(jian)距)九个参(can)(can)数(shu)为决策变(bian)量(liang)(liang)，利(li)用(yong)遗传算法进行ORC换(huan)(huan)热(re)(re)(re)设备结构与操作(zuo)参(can)(can)数(shu)多(duo)(duo)目标(biao)同(tong)步优化(hua)(hua)(hua)，获(huo)得多(duo)(duo)目标(biao)优化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)Pareto更优前(qian)沿及(ji)对(dui)应的(de)(de)(de)更优系统(tong)运行参(can)(can)数(shu)和(he)(he)更佳换(huan)(huan)热(re)(re)(re)器(qi)结构参(can)(can)数(shu)组合。有(you)机(ji)朗肯(ken)循(xun)环系统(tong)以其良好的(de)(de)(de)机(ji)动性(xing)等优点。

ORC简介：常规(gui)的(de)(de)水(shui)蒸气(qi)(qi)朗(lang)肯(ken)循环(huan)中(zhong)，工质是水(shui)蒸气(qi)(qi)，由四(si)大设(she)(she)备(bei)(bei)：锅炉、汽轮机、冷(leng)(leng)凝器(qi)和给水(shui)泵组成(cheng)。工质在(zai)热力设(she)(she)备(bei)(bei)中(zhong)不断(duan)(duan)进行(xing)等(deng)(deng)压(ya)加热、绝(jue)热膨胀、等(deng)(deng)压(ya)放热和绝(jue)热压(ya)缩四(si)个过程，使热能(neng)不断(duan)(duan)转化为机械能(neng)。当利用低(di)温有(you)机工质(如上述的(de)(de)戊烷(wan))作为循环(huan)的(de)(de)工质时(shi)，主(zhu)要(yao)设(she)(she)备(bei)(bei)有(you)：蒸发(fa)器(qi)、汽轮机、冷(leng)(leng)凝器(qi)和循环(huan)泵等(deng)(deng)。对于低(di)及中(zhong)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)焓热，ORC技(ji)术(shu)(shu)与常规(gui)的(de)(de)水(shui)蒸气(qi)(qi)朗(lang)肯(ken)循环(huan)相比(bi)有(you)很(hen)多优点，主(zhu)要(yao)体现(xian)在(zai)回收显热方面有(you)较高(gao)的(de)(de)效率，由于循环(huan)中(zhong)显热/潜热不相等(deng)(deng)，而ORC技(ji)术(shu)(shu)中(zhong)此(ci)比(bi)例大。因此(ci)采用ORC技(ji)术(shu)(shu)可(ke)回收较多的(de)(de)热量。ORC余热发(fa)电(dian)系(xi)统(tong)有(you)着流量大、装机功率大等(deng)(deng)特点。高(gao)效磁(ci)浮涡轮ORC发(fa)电(dian)设(she)(she)备(bei)(bei)供货价格(ge)

ORC优点主(zhu)要体现在(zai)回收(shou)显热方(fang)面(mian)有较高的效率。武汉orc余热发电

工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)选(xuan)(xuan)择(ze)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)原(yuan)则：ORC发(fa)电系统的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)选(xuan)(xuan)择(ze)十(shi)分(fen)重要(yao)，选(xuan)(xuan)择(ze)过程中应(ying)该充分(fen)考虑工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)经(jing)济(ji)性(xing)(xing)、安全性(xing)(xing)和技术(shu)性(xing)(xing)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)必须具(ju)有较(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)(de)临界温度和临界压力，较(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)(de)蒸汽过热(re)(re)要(yao)求(qiu)并且(qie)粘度较(jiao)(jiao)低，以及(ji)较(jiao)(jiao)小的(de)(de)体积比(bi)(bi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)应(ying)具(ju)有适当的(de)(de)热(re)(re)稳(wen)定(ding)极限，和发(fa)动机材料、润滑油都(dou)具(ju)有较(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)相容(rong)性(xing)(xing)。除(chu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)外，工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也要(yao)满足环保(bao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，而且(qie)要(yao)控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)和满足化学稳(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)，在经(jing)济(ji)性(xing)(xing)上(shang)也要(yao)足够低廉，并且(qie)输(shu)送储存(cun)都(dou)比(bi)(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)方便。选(xuan)(xuan)择(ze)工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时，更重要(yao)的(de)(de)在于工(gong)(gong)(gong)质(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)热(re)(re)力学性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，将会(hui)决定(ding)设(she)备(bei)的(de)(de)尺寸、稳(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)、环保(bao)水平很经(jing)济(ji)性(xing)(xing)。武汉orc余(yu)热(re)(re)发(fa)电

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